Capital: Florence Continent: Europe Official Languages: Italian Established: 1569 AD/CE Disestablished: 1860 AD/CE History: In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. The first series was planned by Lord Acton and edited by him with Stanley Leathes, Adolphus Ward and George Prothero. Smallpox vaccination was made systematically available (Leopold's mother Maria Theresa had been a huge supporter on inoculation against smallpox), and an early institution for the rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents was founded. Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. He was then tortured and executed by Fiorentine functionaries, and killed on May 1498. Although the U.S. Continental Congress appointed a Commissioner Izard was charged on February 4, 1778, with trying to secure a loan from the [4][5] The Grand Duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. Only 1 was captured after 1635. Ferdinand I expanded the Tuscan fleet after expanding the arsenal at Livorno, and oversaw many raids by both the navy and Order, including on Chios in 1599 (a failure), Prevesa in 1605 (5 galleys with 400 Tuscan militia; a success), various Turkish ports in 1606 (6 galleys, some roundships, and 750 Tuscan soldiers; a success), and Bone in 1607 (8 galleys, 9 bertoni, and 1 galleon, with 2,300 soldiers; a success). Florence became a fiefdom of Spain on 1557, but it conserved its independence. attempts was in 1784 when U.S. Information, United States Department of Description. He imposed crippling taxes while the country's population continued to decline. Cosimo experienced several personal tragedies during the later years of his reign. The government was finally dissolved upon its annexation to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor proclaimed Alessandro de' Medici, ruler of Florence "for his lifetime, and after his death to be succeeded by his sons, male heirs and successors, of his body, by order of primogeniture, and failing them by the closest male of the Medici family, and likewise in succession forever, by order of primogeniture. View original page. It was also known by the Greeks as "Tyrhennia" because of the Tyrhennian Sea. Ferdinando was obsessed with new technology, and had several hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Pitti. Therefore, Tuscan recognition The Spanish reaction was to construct a citadel on their portion of the island of Elba. Routledge: 1997. Transl. This left his eldest son, Francesco, to rule the duchy. Despite all of these incentives to economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence, at dawn of the 17th century, was a mere 75,000 souls, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. On the late 1700s and early 1800s the Medici and later the Habsburg dynasty on Tuscany weakened. [28], Tuscany was one of the states of the Holy Roman Empire that sided with the Emperor in the Thirty Years War, sending thousands of troops to support the pro-Imperial side from 1631. [48], Leopold developed and supported many social and economic reforms. Such was the failure of their initial effort that Vienna declared Tuscany to be neutral during the War of the Austrian Succession, and enemy troops crossed it unopposed. Francis had to cede his ancestral Duchy of Lorraine in order to accommodate the deposed ruler of Poland, whose daughter Marie Leszczyska became Queen of France and of Navarre in 1725. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. [64], In response to the Trkenkriege during the Long Turkish War starting in 1593, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany sent 100,000 scudi and 3,600 soldiers (3,000 infantry and 600 cavalry) to support the Holy Roman Emperor in Hungary, plus smaller detachments thereafter (there were 2,000 Tuscans in the Imperial army in Hungary by 1601). This created great civil unrest. The annual revenue . In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. In 1686, Tuscany sent 4 galleys, 4 galiots, and 2 other vessels carrying 870 soldiers to participate in the Morean War (a battalion of 400 Tuscans were already serving there). They launched several big ships at Portoferraio after 1601, with an armament of 40 guns each yet only 60 seamen each. It formally created a hereditary monarchy, abolished the age-old signoria (elective government) and the office of gonfaloniere (titular ruler of Florence elected for a two-month term); in their place was the consigliere, a four-man council elected for a three-month term, headed by the "Duke of the Florentine Republic" (and later the Grand Duke of Tuscany). In 1823, President James Monroe named Ombrosi as consul, but it was not until Tuscany became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 that the host government formally recognized the U.S. Consul General in Florence. Since their accession to the throne of Grand Dukes, the Habsburgs continually tried to make Tuscany a source of military power, to little success, as Tuscany had declined and demilitarized in the 18th century. France and Great Britain, on their last years, declared war on them. Grand Duchy of Tuscanyball was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florenceball . All unauthorized edits may be reverted on the admin's discretion. Leopold II lent his support to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the Austro-Sardinian War. He was forced out by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars, first in spring 1799 when a jacobin provisional government was created by the French army, and then after the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801), becoming instead Elector of Salzburg, ruling the territory of the former archbishopric. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. On 1527, as the city of Rome itself was on siege, the Medici were deposed. Delbrck, Hans (1990) [1920]. The grand duke also enticed English corsairs in North Africa to use Livorno as a base instead in exchange for amnesty and a share of their profits; Livorno quickly became a corsair capital, with the corsairs preying on both Muslim and Christian shipping. Cosimo married Marguerite Louise d'Orlans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. However, Giovanni was able to become the pope, and became Pope Leo X. [44] The proposal sank, and ultimately died with Cosimo in 1723. [13] For legal recognition, Cosimo bought the granducal title from his feudal overlord the Holy Roman Emperor for 100,000 ducats.[14]. The representatives of the Grand Although the U.S. Continental Congress appointed a Commissioner to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777, the U.S. representative, Ralph Izard, was never officially received in Florence. Department of State, U.S. family of Piedmont-Sardinia as the new ruling monarchs of Italy. Leopold also approved and collaborated on the development of a political constitution, said to have anticipated by many years the promulgation of the French constitution and which presented some similarities with the Virginia Bill of Rights of 1778. Ferdinando's elder son, Cosimo, mounted the throne following his death. Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. Grand Duchy of TuscanyUnited States relations, Kingdom of the Two SiciliesUnited States relations, Kingdom of SardiniaUnited States relations, Republic of GenoaUnited States relations, "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "Consulate General Florence celebrates diplomatic bicentennial", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_TuscanyUnited_States_relations&oldid=1108690109, Infobox bilateral relations usage without maps, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 September 2022, at 19:44. Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824. Neither of Cosimo's two sons was a suitable heir; Ferdinando was an alcoholic and epileptic, while his younger son, Gian Gastone, according to historian Paul Strathern, was not appropriate material[clarification needed] for the role of sovereign. In Tuscany, Leopold II sanctioned a liberal constitution; and instituted a liberal ministry. Francis' second surviving son Peter Leopold became grand duke of Tuscany and ruled the country until his brother Joseph's death. Before the Roman times, the area of today's Tuscany was called Eturia, because of the Etruscan culture. [31] The economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places. Diplomatic Couriers, Guide to Country Recognition and In the 10-hour battle, punctuated by cannon fire and boarding actions, 600 pirates were killed or captured and they lost 4 of the 5 ships (3 sunk, 1 captured), while the Italians lost 60 dead. and sovereign state in 1776 when the United States declared independence from Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824. [11] Rumours circulated at the Viennese court that had Cosimo as a candidate for King of England. Italian nationalism exploded in the post-Napoleonic years, leading to the establishment of secret societies bent on a unified Italy. Tagliaferri, whose exequatur as Consul at New York was signed trade abroad and to ensure that American vessels, both public and private, In 1572 the Tuscan navy consisted of 11 galleys, 2 galleasses, 2 galleons, 6 frigates, and various transports, carrying in all 200 guns, manned by 100 knights, 900 seamen, and 2,500 oarsmen. [54] The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. Mora, G. (1959) Vincenzo Chiarugi (17591820) and his psychiatric reform in Florence in the late 18th century (on the occasion of the bi-centenary of his birth). The Medici were also bankers, and their company was one of the most . He used his skill at choosing collaborators to put a young physician, Vincenzo Chiarugi, at its head. Medici Grand Duchy of Tuscany. [27] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, which set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study. The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. Commissioner to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777. Under Grand Duke Cosimo II, 7 roundships carrying 1,800 soldiers were sent to the Mediterranean from 1609 to 1611. Hanlon considers the report overly optimistic, but with some basis in fact. An "Extraordinary Giunta" was placed in charge under General Jacques Franois Menou. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the United States never established diplomatic In the 11th century the marquisate went to the Attoni family from Canossa, who also held Modena, Reggio Emilia and Mantua. Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, Bianca Cappello, spurring rumours of poisoning. The grand duchy had two sources of naval power: the state navy and the Order of Saint Stephen. necessity in order to maintain trade and commercial ties. Despite his attempts at acquiescence, street fighting in opposition to the regime sprang up in August, in Livorno. The militia had its origins in 1498, in the predecessor state of the Florentine Republic. As it was the most progressive and tolerant nation on Italy, many scientists, artists and other famous people such as the famous royalist Benito Mussolini, the inventor of nuclear energy Enrico Fermi, and other. By 1506, it numbered 20,000 men, of whom 70% carried pikes, 20% halberds/bills and hog-spears, and 10% either arquebuses or crossbows. [37] The once powerful navy was reduced to a pitiful state. Gian Gastone had no say in events and had become quite attached to the Spanish Infante. On 1569, Cosimo de'Medici was further elevated into the Grand Dux of Tuscany. Great publishing were made, such as Niccol Machiavelli's the Prince, and the many pieces of the finest artwork by Tuscan artists, such as Michelangelo and Da Vinci. Leopoldo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany was the third of the five children and the second but the only surviving son of Ferdinando III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his first wife Luisa of Naples and Sicily.Given the names Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Francesco Ferdinando Carlo, the future Grand Duke of Tuscany was born on October 3, 1797, in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, now in Italy. In Leopold's years Italy was engulfed in popular rebellion, culminating in the Revolutions of 1848. [58] To be eligible, one had to be male and a noble. At the end of it, a great revolt of cotton workers, called the Ciompi Revolt, happened. This expedition was less successful, costing 800 men and 4 ships disabled. mission was terminated on June 8, 1779. This can be observed in the register of prizes of the Order of Saint Stephen. Cosimo di'Medici, first Dux of Tuscany. The first contingent of 3,000 troops arrived in 1758, followed by a second contingent of 1,500, and subsequent smaller ones to replace losses from battle and disease. Tuscany was ruled by the House of Medici and thrived bearing witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons. On 30November 1786, after having defacto blocked capital executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the penal code that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. Do not confund with the founder of the Medici dynasty. The Catholic Republic of Sicily annexed Palermo and surrounding areas, which would be claimed by the Emirate of Sicily by 1960. Among the commanders of the detachment were three of the grand duke's brothers; two died and one, Mattias de'Medici, became general of artillery and served for a decade. the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with the royal "The Dawn of Modern Warfare. Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 - 21 April 1574) was the second Duke of Florence from 1537 until 1569, when he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany. When Cosimo died, his oldest son, Ferdinando, was still a minor. Gian Gastone, the last Medici, resigned the grand duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorraine. It was only with Austrian assistance that Leopold could return to Florence. CosimoI died in 1574 of apoplexy, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet. No views 55 seconds ago Welcome To Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. the Secretary of State, Travels of [19] To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of Mulberry trees along the major roads (silk worms feed on Mulberry leaves). The grand duke also enticed English corsairs in North Africa to use Livorno as a base instead in exchange for amnesty and a share of their profits; Livorno quickly became a corsair capital, with the corsairs preying on both Muslim and Christian shipping. Arms (1815-1848, 1849-1860) Coat of Arms (1815-1848, 1849-1860) Great Coat of Arms (1765-1800, 1815-1848, 1849-1860) File history. CosimoI died in 1574 of apoplexy, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet. Izzard never arrived in Tuscany learning in advance of the high probability that Ferdinand would refuse to receive him in Florence for fear of upsetting the British. Ferdinand was the son of the incumbent Grand Duke, and Grand Duchess Maria Louisa. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. A provisional republic was established in his stead. the Grand Duchy of Tuscany signed prior to the Grand Duchys incorporation [3] She and her court left on 10 December. The earliest of such His wife, Eleanor of Toledo, died in 1562, along with four of his children due to a plague epidemic in Florence. [57] In April 1532, the Pope convinced the Bala, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution. Despite all of these incentives to economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence, at dawn of the 17th century, was a mere 75,000 souls, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzo, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors. On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (capo) of the Republic of Florence. "The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." Leopold I (1747- 1792) Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopold I (1747- 1792) Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792, King of Hungary, Archduke of Austria as Leopold II.Second son of Francis Stephen of Lorraine (1708-1765) Holy Roman Emperor. Tuscany was overcome with religious orders, all of whom were not obliged to pay taxes. From 1560 to 1609, the Tuscan fleet captured 76 galiots, 7 galleys, 2 large roundships, and 67 minor craft, taking 9,620 slaves and liberating 2,076 Christians. Gian Gastone, the last Medici, resigned the grand duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorraine. Gian Gastone would repeal his father's puritan laws. The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza joined with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena to form the United Provinces of Central Italy in December 1859, and merged with the Kingdom of Sardinia into the Kingdom of Italy in March 1860 after holding a referendum. In 1572 the Tuscan navy consisted of 11 galleys, 2 galleasses, 2 galleons, 6 frigates, and various transports, carrying in all 200 guns, manned by 100 knights, 900 seamen, and 2,500 oarsmen. The fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.[22]. He died at Innsbruck from a stroke in 1765; his wife pledged the rest of her life to mourning him, while co-ruling with her son, and Francis' imperial successor Joseph II. clear that the Grand Duke would not recognize the United States, Izards On it, the Tuscan army was mayor on defeating the Genovese, and got a large swath of territory, the Masacara lands . He died at Innsbruck from a stroke in 1765; his wife pledged the rest of her life to mourning him, while co-ruling with her son, and Francis' imperial successor Joseph II. In 1815 the Duchy of Lucca was carved out of Tuscany as a temporary compensation for the Bourbons of Parma, until in 1847 where it was returned to Tuscany. In 1731, the Powers gathered at Vienna to decide who would succeed Gian Gastone. Knight of the Golden Fleece. Soon after, Francis Stephen of Lorraine became heir to the Tuscan throne. Cosimo I de'Medici became the first Medici ruler of the Republic of Tuscany in 1433, starting the illustrious royal family of de'Medici. sign a treaty of commerce with the Grand Duchy. Despite giving recognition to the U.S., the Duchy refused to recognize American consular agents posted in Florence. [22] The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources. Soon after, Francis Stephen of Lorraine became heir to the Tuscan throne. Tuscany started becoming more and more stable. They drew up the Treaty of Vienna, which gave the grand ducal throne to Don Carlos, Duke of Parma. Scientific progress was greatly improved too, which some Tuscan scientists as Galileo Galilei. [1], Despite no formality of relations, both countries made several attempts to sign a treaty of commerce. By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of Florence had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. The economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places. After 1612, the Tuscans progressively stopped sending out expeditions and limited their naval operations to patrols. The negotiations had been between Spain and France, and the Etrurian regent was kept entirely in the dark, only being informed that she would have to leave her young son's kingdom on 23 November 1807. [7] The court moved to Salzburg and lived there in exile until 1918. [6], Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. Soon after the Romans conquered Eturia, Rome built new cities, such as Lucca, Pisa, Siena, and Florence. . Cosimo contemplated restoring the Republic of Florence,[7][43] a decision that was complicated by the Grand Duchy's feudal status: Florence was an Imperial fief, Siena a Spanish one. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. The duchy's largest military deployment came during this war, when in June 1643 over 10,000 troops (7,000 Tuscans in eight regiments of infantry recruited from militia, garrison troops, and veteran mercenaries; 1 regiment of German infantry; 2,400 cavalry, a quarter of whom were Germans; and 1 regiment of Tuscan dragoons) with 18 cannons invaded the Papal States holding of Umbria, while other troops and militia were left garrisoning the grand duchy's major citadels, coastal forts, and border forts. Ferdinand I expanded the Tuscan fleet after expanding the arsenal at Livorno, and oversaw many raids by both the navy and Order, including on Chios in 1599 (a failure), Prevesa in 1605 (5 galleys with 400 Tuscan militia; a success), various Turkish ports in 1606 (6 galleys, some roundships, and 750 Tuscan soldiers; a success), and Bone in 1607 (8 galleys, 9 bertoni, and 1 galleon, with 2,300 soldiers; a success). It lists some 238 vessels captured from 1563 to 1688; enemy galleys captured from 1568 to 1599 were 11 (for the loss of an identical number), and another 17 were seized between 1602 and 1635. They built roads, aqueducts, sewers and many buildings. Leopold also abolished capital punishment. Ferdinand IV's hypothetical reign didn't last long; the House of Habsburg-Lorraine was formally deposed by the National Assembly on 16 August 1859.[54]. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany recognized the United States when it received the "The Dawn of Modern Warfare. Following Ferdinand's death, his elder son, Leopold II, succeeded him. The interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. On 1939, the Axis (Piedemont, Venezia, United Papal States, Naples, Emirate of Sicily, Germany) declared war on Poland. The two areas were governed by separate laws. The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. Tuscany during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; House of Commons, John Bowring, 1839, p 6, Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the time period in question, Joachim Whaley, "Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648-1806", from the Oxford History of Early Modern Europe, p. 137. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics. Marie's father Stanisaw I of Poland ruled Lorraine as compensation for his loss of the Kingdom of Poland. Their union wrought a high level of discontentment, but despite the tension they had three children, Ferdinando, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine and the last Medicean grand duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 18017). [2] The grand duchy's capital was Florence. By the Treaty of Fontainebleau (27 October 1807), Etruria was to be annexed by France. It generated about 20 watts of energy, but it was a beginning. [17] Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, Bianca Cappello, spurring rumours of poisoning. The grand duke Leopold II agreed to ratify a liberal constitution in 1848. Grand Duchy of Tuscany Introduction Medici Period Foundation Francesco and Ferdinando I Cosimo II and Ferdinando II Cosimo III The last years of the Medici House of Habsburg-Lorraine Francis Stephen Reform Tuscany during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Cosimo then purchased Elba from Genoa, and built Livorno. The people of Etruria were named Etruscans, and their complex culture was centered on numerous city-states, such as Veii. Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. On April 17, 1555, both the Duchy of Florence conquered Siena. The He sent munitions to the Emperor during the Battle of Vienna. By going to the ballot box, the Despite his attempts at acquiescence, street fighting in opposition to the regime sprang up in August, in Livorno. Historical flags and coat of arms [ edit] State Flags 1545-1731 (Farnese) 1815-1847 The once powerful navy was reduced to a pitiful state. 8 of them around 1610 floated a total of 200 guns. Together they had two children: Cosimo, in 1642, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, in 1660. In spite of an official protest by the Holy Roman Emperor, Florence was henceforth . [57] Pope Clement VII willed his relative Alessandro de' Medici to be the monarchical ruler of Florence, and went about requisitioning that dignity carefully; he wanted to give the impression that the Florentines democratically chose Alessandro to be their monarch. Leopold developed and supported many social and economic reforms. The Tuscan dialect of Italian became the standard Italian language. The international reaction to Cosimo's elevation was bleak. He continued his father's Austrian/Imperial alliance, cementing it by marrying Johanna of Austria. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 18017). Upon arrival, he abdicated in favour of his elder son, Ferdinand. Tuscany was divided into the dpartements of Arno, Mditerrane and Ombrone. To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of Mulberry trees along the major roads (silk worms feed on Mulberry leaves). These measures, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions of his people and brought him into collision with the pope, were not successful. This led to a regency of Ferdinand's grandmother, Dowager Grand Duchess Christina, and his mother, Maria Maddalena of Austria. The document in question was officiated on the 27th of that month. They reverted to the crown with the ascension of Gian Gastone. On 1941, Venezia attacked Lombardy. By January 1785, the process of negotiating such an It lists some 238 vessels captured from 1563 to 1688; enemy galleys captured from 1568 to 1599 were 11 (for the loss of an identical number), and another 17 were seized between 1602 and 1635. The first nuclear plant on Tuscany was founded on 1946 in Pisa, while the first good attempt to use nuclear technology to feed a city was the Nuclear Hour of Florence (1948), which was successful. Several communist rebellions arose over much of Italy, being those of Lombardy and Apulia the most important, bloody and longest-lasting of them all. The Grand Duchy of five is divided into eight regions. Etruria lasted less than a decade. Routledge: 1997. Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister was the incumbent Queen consort). would be welcomed in ports around the world. Civil unrest governed Tuscany. Cosimo III's reign was characterised by drastic changes and a sharp decline of the Grand Duchy. [7] The plan was about to be approved by the powers convened at Geertruidenberg when Cosimo abruptly added that if himself and his two sons predeceased his daughter, the Electress Palatine, she should succeed and the republic be re-instituted following her death. Cosimo married Marguerite Louise d'Orlans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. Every grand duke after Leopold resided in Florence; they were considered to be pro-Habsburg. Italy was unified in 1870, when the remains of the Papal States were annexed in that September, deposing Pope Pius IX. GRAND DUCHY OF TUSCANY Latitude and Longitude: 43N 11E / 43N 11E / In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. 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