The British "sphere of influence", agreed at the Berlin Conference of 1885, extended up the coast and inland across the future Kenya and after 1890 included Uganda as well. He established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labour. By early 1975, the guerrillas were confined to a 50-square-kilometer (20-square-mile) area near the Yemeni border and shortly thereafter were defeated. In order to consolidate his power, his transferred his capital to Zanzibar in 1846. Only then did Zanzibars population wrest back control for itself. 2 Sayyid Sir Barghash bin Said Al-Busaid 7 October 1870 26 March 1888 Responsible for developing much of the infrastructure in Zanzibar (especially Stone Town), like piped water, telegraph cables, buildings, roads, etc. The menu for these pages is here. Today, the peoples of Oman and Zanzibar can engage as equals, building on their centuries of commercial, educational, religious, and even familial links. As a regional commercial power in the 19th century, Oman held territories on the island of Zanzibar off the coast of East Africa, the area along the coast of East Africa known as Zanj including Mombasa and Dar es Salaam, and until 1958 in Gwadar (in present-day Pakistan) on the coast of the Arabian Sea. During his rule, East Africa and Zanzibar became known as the Pearl of the Indian Ocean. Under an agreement reached on 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar relinquished sovereignty over his remaining territory on the mainland, and on 12 December 1963, Kenya officially obtained independence from the British. He formed a British East Africa Association which led to the Imperial British East Africa Company being chartered in 1888 and given the original grant to administer the territory. In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman after Saif bin Sultan, the Imam of Oman, defeated the Portuguese in Mombasa, in what is now Kenya. These empires brought order to the religious and ethnic diversity of the population of this cosmopolitan region. Sultan Qaboos eschewed Omans imperial past, trying to steer his country away from the diplomatic rows and military quagmires that entangled his neighbors. By the end of the 17th century, Zanzibar had become an integral component of the Omani Empire. Whoever ruled Oman could control transit between the Strait of Hormuz, the gateway to the Arabian Peninsulas eastern shoreline, and the Gulf of Oman, an outlet to the Indian Ocean. Sayyid Majid bin Said Al-Busaid (1834/51870), his sixth son, became the Sultan of Zanzibar, while the third son, Sayyid Thuwaini bin Said al-Said, became the Sultan of Oman. This bifurcation represented the anti-climactic demise of the Omani Empire. It administered about 240km (150mi) of coastline stretching from the River Jubba via Mombasa to German East Africa which were leased from the Sultan. Lieutenant Colonel J. Hayes Sadler was the first governor and commander in chief. England fought mostly with Portugal, whereas France fought mostly with Spain. Updates? Zanzibars new government then opted to merge with the neighboring republic of Tanganyika, forming what would become Tanzania. During this period Oman's administrative name was Mazun. The House of Wonders in Stone Town was once the local residence of the Omani royal family. Said III bin Taimur 10 February 1932 23 July 1970 Deposed The coastal towns led by Mombasa resisted Omans conquest due to the following reasons. He obtained direct military support from the UK, Iran, and Jordan. There was no false modesty in his remark, I am nothing but a merchant. Trade was his predominant interest. Born in 1791, Sad succeeded his father jointly with his brother Salm in 1804, but their cousin Badr immediately usurped the throne. & S.I. 246. The capital Muscat was taken by the Portuguese on 1 April 1515, and was held until 26 January 1650, although the Ottomans controlled Muscat between 15501551 and 15811588. [getrecentmag static_heading=falsecat_name=false author_name=false author_image=false mag_title=false], Designed by Arabesque Media | Copyrights Inside Arabia 2019. % Since his accession in 1970, Sultan Qaboos has balanced tribal, regional, and ethnic interests in composing the national administration. [20]:761[21] Also, in 1902, the East Africa Syndicate received a grant of 1,300km2 (500sqmi) to promote white settlement in the Highlands. Sumerians traded with Oman, and the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, controlled and/or influenced the Omani peninsula. Briefly describe the social organization of the Luo during pre-colonial period. On April 6, 1861, Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate principalities. [31] Zanzibar had a population of around 230,000 natives, some of whom claimed Persian ancestry and were known locally as Shirazis. This is the southern route out of Africa. Sad belonged to the Ib sect of Islm, which, if puritanical, is notably tolerant of others. Under an 1861 agreement mediated by Britainknown to historians as the Canning Awardthe sultans sons decided to cut his empire in half. Towns they were loyal to Oman were attacked. According to the Guinness Book of World Records the resultant Anglo-Zanzibar War was the shortest war in history, and the same day Hamoud was able to assume the title of sultan, more indebted to the British than ever. Which statements describe English and French exploration efforts during the mid-sixteenth century? There ensued a struggle between Sad and the Mazari for Mombasa that ended only in 1837 when, by a ruse, he took some 30 of the enemy captive. [7], By 1964, the country was a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth ruled by Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah. In the 6th century, Arabs succeeded in repelling encroachments of these ethnic groups; the conversion of Arab tribes to Islam in the 7th century resulted in the displacement of the settlers from Iran. The area was once a major trade point and the former capital of Oman. Azzan bin Qais 3 October 1868 30 January 1871 Killed Even before the Omani conquest, Zanzibar had a strong connection to the Arab world. Al Said has ruled as sultan ever since. If her Omani relatives excitement at her ascent to power serves as any indicator, Oman and Zanzibars ancient cultural connection will thrive for many centuries to come. [18], In 1886, the British government encouraged William Mackinnon, who already had an agreement with the Sultan and whose shipping company traded extensively in the African Great Lakes, to increase British influence in the region. On his death, his will freed them but not his plantation slaves. The new sultan confronted insurgency in a country plagued by endemic disease, illiteracy, and poverty. The Arabs established garrisons at Zanzibar, Pemba, and Kilwa. Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth under the Sultan. <> The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Seyyid Said (more fully, Sayyid Said bin Sultan al-Busaid), who in 1840 moved his capital from Muscat in Oman to Stone Town. 2343, S.R.O. Where American Muslims Are Now, and What Lies Ahead? After his death in 1856, his sons struggled over the succession. Corrections? Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya". In 1902, administration was again transferred to the Colonial Office and the Uganda territory was incorporated as part of the protectorate also. VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. He established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labour. 246. But when the British declared slavery illegal in the mid-19th century, the sultanate's fortunes reversed. 87 p. 968. However initially the imam, the ruler of the east coast of Africa, did not come to the east coast to enforce their rule due to civil wars in their home land and thus delegated the responsibility to local Arab families. Even so, the centuries-long saga of this one-time regional power played a crucial role in the development of two civilizationsnot only Oman but also Zanzibar, an island off the eastern coast of Africa. All were deported and some were killed. 1902 No. In April 1964, the existence of this socialist republic was ended with its union with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which became known as Tanzania six months later. 2 0 obj Salim II bin Thuwaini 11 February 1866 3 October 1868 Killed Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Sad Imm, Sad Sayyid, Sad ibn Suln ibn Amad ibn Sad l B Sad. [15], However, the company began to fail, and on 1 July 1895 the British government proclaimed a protectorate, the East Africa Protectorate, the administration being transferred to the Foreign Office. Muslim academics from elsewhere in East Africa made the same move. The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the Colony of Kenya by virtue of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sultan dated 14 December 1895. In 1897 Lord Delamere, the pioneer of white settlement, arrived in the Kenya highlands, which was then part of the Protectorate. The United Kingdom did not grant Zanzibar independence, as such, because the UK never had sovereignty over Zanzibar. [11] The third Sultan, Khalifa bin Said, also furthered the country's progress toward abolishing slavery. What are possible differential diagnosis What are must not miss diagnosis What are some of the test to order. The Ottoman Empire, which survived well into the 20th century and whose reach extended deep into Europe, might have had the greatest geopolitical impact on the Western world. A notorious slave trader, plantation owner and governor, who worked for a succession of sultans of Zanzibar, he led many trading expeditions into east-central Africa, involving the slave trade and ivory trade. However, from 1887 to 1892, all of these mainland possessions were lost to the colonial powers of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy, although some were not formally sold or ceded until the 20th century (Mogadishu to Italy in 1905 and Mombasa to Britain in 1963). The relationship between Britain and the nearest relevant colonial power, Germany, was formalized by the 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, in which Germany pledged not to interfere with British interests in insular Zanzibar. Zanzibar also attracted business from India and Persia, with its status as one of the Indian Oceans most important trading posts serving as the basis of foreign designs on the island. A regular Government and Legislature were constituted by Order in Council in 1906. to the arrival of Islam in the 7th century A.D, Oman was controlled by two other Iranian dynasties, the Parthians (Whites) and the Sassanids. This treaty turned Zanzibar into a British protectorate. [20]:762, On 10 December 1963, the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom. These stone tools, some up to 125,000 years old, resemble those made by humans in Africa around the same period. help me with the iHuman case study of Caroline Casey 25 y/o 5' 6" (168 cm) 140.0 lb (63.6 kg) Reason for encounter 25-year old who desires contraception, patient is a 25-year old woman presenting with symptoms of dysuria and vaginal discharge. Several thousand Arabs (5,000-12,000 Zanzibaris of Arabic descent) and Indians were killed, thousands more detained or expelled, their property either confiscated or destroyed. Over the next few years, all of the mainland possessions of Zanzibar came to be administered by European imperial powers, beginning in 1888 when the Imperial British East Africa Company took over administration of Mombasa.[15]. Answers (1). Zanzibar's central position also favoured development of long distance trade. State functions of the speaker of the county assembly in Kenya. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Said-ibn-Sultan, Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville. 9 Sayyid Sir Khalifa II bin Harub Al-Said 9 December 1911 9 October 1960 Brother-in-law of Ali ibn Hamud. Ibadism became the dominant religious sect in Oman by the 8th century; Ibadhism is known for its "moderate conservatism". His government was essentially personal and patriarchal, and he sat daily in public to settle cases and complaints. As the war drew to a close, civil action programs were given priority throughout Dhofar and helped win the allegiance of the people. Provenance: Antique wood engraved print taken from the Illustrated London News. Date posted: April 27, 2019. The United Kingdom's early interest in Zanzibar was motivated by both commerce and the determination to end the slave trade. 8 Sayyid Ali bin Hamud Al-Busaid 20 July 1902 9 December 1911 The British First Minister, Mr A. Rogers, served as regent until Ali reached the age of 21 on 7 June 1905. He ruled Zanzibar and Oman from 1806-1856. Give the reasons that the Oman ruler had for choosing Zanzibar . He was never elected to the purely religious office of imam that all his predecessors held. By about 250 B.C, the Parthian dynasty brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman. That year, Zanzibar became a protectorate (not a colony) of Britain. In later centuries, Omani sailors formed a commercial exchange with the inhabitants of Zanzibar that included ivory, slaves, and spices. In the early 1960s, the imam, exiled to Saudi Arabia, obtained support from his hosts and other Arab governments, but this support ended in the 1980s. (12) 282 19 73 wew. Date posted: April 27, 2019. Like its predecessors, Al Said dynastic rule has been characterized by a history of internecine family struggle, fratricide, and usurpation. 08:00 - 15:00), Orodek:kom. Turki bin Said 30 January 1871 4 June 1888 This agricultural and military contact gave people exposure to Persian culture, as reflected in certain irrigation techniques still used in Oman. In mid-1974, the Bahrain branch of the PFLOAG was established as a separate organisation and the Omani branch changed its name to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), while continuing the Dhofar Rebellion. do you have any answers for i human case heather miller? Al Said's extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world and has preserved a long-standing political and military relationship with the United Kingdom, the United States, and others. Then part of the Protectorate the country was a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth ruled by Sultan bin. Iran, and the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far Oman... Arabesque Media | Copyrights Inside Arabia 2019 he obtained direct military support the! 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Copyrights Inside Arabia 2019 1861 agreement mediated by Britainknown to historians as Canning.
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