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31.IONIA", "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), MIMAS", "The Mughal Sikander: Influence of the Romance of Alexander on Mughal Manuscript Painting", "Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander the Great", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_the_Great&oldid=1134035428, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Persian-language text, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The brave ruler who has attacked foreign lands, The ruler of the rulers of the entire land, The lion, great of might, who takes possession of mountains, lands, and deserts, The (strong) bull who protects Egypt, the ruler of the sea and of what the sun encircles, Construction of 1,000 ships larger than triremes, along with harbours and a road running along the African coast all the way to the, Amalgamation of small settlements into larger cities (", Construction of a monumental tomb for his father Philip, "to match the greatest of the, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 18:17. NVIDIA products provide our clients with more than just the performance they demand - NVIDIA goes above and beyond with an entire ecosystem of software, drivers, and features such as DLSS, Reflex, NVIDIA Broadcast, and more. Buy Now. [63][64] At first, all went well. "[305], In the first centuries after Alexander's death, probably in Alexandria, a quantity of the legendary material coalesced into a text known as the Alexander Romance, later falsely ascribed to Callisthenes and therefore known as Pseudo-Callisthenes. AFTERSHOCK T-SHIRT $36.00. Its finely-grained structure lends a smooth, rich, beefy flavor. [223], Alexander was erudite and patronized both arts and sciences. ", "Was Alexander The Great Poisoned By Toxic Wine? After that victory he was sent by Alexander in pursuit of Porus, to whom he was charged to offer favourable terms, but narrowly escaped losing his life at the hands of his old enemy. At Termessos, Alexander humbled but did not storm the Pisidian city. [51], Attalus was at that time corresponding with Demosthenes, regarding the possibility of defecting to Athens. As in Tyre, men of military age were put to the sword and the women and children were sold into slavery. [258], The eastern borders of Alexander's empire began to collapse even during his lifetime. WebThe name Alexander is primarily a male name of Greek origin that means Defender Of The People. WebAlexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. WebCity of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. According to the legend, after Alexander hunted on the Mount Pagus, he slept under a plane tree at the sanctuary of Nemesis. [314] He then travelled the known world in search of the Water of Life and Immortality, eventually becoming a prophet. [2] He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. [223] Nevertheless, Plutarch described how Alexander was infatuated by Roxana while complimenting him on not forcing himself on her. Also, the New Testament was written in the Koine Greek language. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?" Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. Whereas he was of a fair colour, as they say, and his fairness passed into ruddiness on his breast particularly, and in his face. However, the memorial was found to be dedicated to the dearest friend of Alexander the Great, Hephaestion. [59], News then reached Alexander that the Illyrian chieftain Cleitus and King Glaukias of the Taulantii were in open revolt against his authority. [118] There are both Greek and non-Greek aspects to this design. [57] The Macedonians marched into the country of the Triballi, and defeated their army near the Lyginus river[58] (a tributary of the Danube). Alexanders father, Philip II of Macedon, hired Aristotle, one of historys greatest philosophers,, to educate the 13-year-old prince. Alexander, the King of Macedonia and one of the greatest army leaders in the history of warfare, conquers much of the known world. [120], The fort of Massaga was reduced only after days of bloody fighting, in which Alexander was wounded seriously in the ankle. ABOUT US; CONTACT US; CITY BOARDS; NEWS & EVENTS. [111] There was also considerable friction between Antipater and Olympias, and each complained to Alexander about the other. Buy Now. These only occasionally quote the letters and it is an open question how reliable such quotations are. Later in his childhood, Alexander was tutored by the strict Leonidas, a relative of his mother, and by Lysimachus of Acarnania. As a young boy, Alexander was taught to read, write, and play the lyre. His father Philip was probably Alexander's most immediate and influential role model, as the young Alexander watched him campaign practically every year, winning victory after victory while ignoring severe wounds. [171] The recent discovery of an enormous tomb in northern Greece, at Amphipolis, dating from the time of Alexander the Great[172] has given rise to speculation that its original intent was to be the burial place of Alexander. Alexander: Directed by Oliver Stone. Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him. Nicolle, David (2000). WebLeading promotional products manufacturer since 1943. [313] Later Persian writers associate him with philosophy, portraying him at a symposium with figures such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, in search of immortality. [26], Suda writes that Anaximenes of Lampsacus was one of Alexander's teachers, and that Anaximenes also accompanied Alexander on his campaigns. Justin stated that Alexander was the victim of a poisoning conspiracy, Plutarch dismissed it as a fabrication,[151] while both Diodorus and Arrian noted that they mentioned it only for the sake of completeness. [50] He also had two Macedonian princes from the region of Lyncestis killed for having been involved in his father's assassination, but spared a third, Alexander Lyncestes. in Pella, Macedonia, to King Philip II. However, Alexander was met with resistance at Gaza. [94], Alexander then chased Darius, first into Media, and then Parthia. [192], In his first battle in Asia, at Granicus, Alexander used only a small part of his forces, perhaps 13,000 infantry with 5,000 cavalry, against a much larger Persian force of 40,000. After the assassination of Perdiccas in 321BC, Macedonian unity collapsed, and 40years of war between "The Successors" (Diadochi) ensued before the Hellenistic world settled into four stable power blocs: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Mesopotamia and Central Asia, Attalid Anatolia, and Antigonid Macedon. [307], Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore, more so than any other ancient figure. [39], At the wedding of Cleopatra, whom Philip fell in love with and married, she being much too young for him, her uncle Attalus in his drink desired the Macedonians would implore the gods to give them a lawful successor to the kingdom by his niece. Its meaning is derived from the components alexo (I defend) and aner (man). UPCOMING EVENTS. Some of these alternate spellings include Alejandro, Alessandro, and Alexzander. [216] While Alexander worried that his father would leave him "no great or brilliant achievement to be displayed to the world",[217] he also downplayed his father's achievements to his companions. The Macedonians were a Greek tribe. Personal relationships of Alexander the Great, List of cities founded by Alexander the Great, Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great, Italian campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars, Chronology of European exploration of Asia, Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Anabasis of Alexander, by Arrian", contemporary Babylonian account of the battle of Gaugamela, "a contemporary account of the battle of Gaugamela", "The Anabasis of Alexander; or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great. Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. WebAlexander Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework. [102], A plot against his life was revealed, and one of his officers, Philotas, was executed for failing to alert Alexander. With Anthony Hopkins, David Bedella, Jessie Kamm, Angelina Jolie. [133], Alexander tried to persuade his soldiers to march farther, but his general Coenus pleaded with him to change his opinion and return; the men, he said, "longed to again see their parents, their wives and children, their homeland". We are proud to be a store that reflects our interests and those of our community. Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium. Apelles, however, in painting him as wielder of the thunder-bolt, did not reproduce his complexion, but made it too dark and swarthy. The Athenians, led by Demosthenes, voted to seek alliance with Thebes against Macedonia. [310] In this tradition, he was a heroic figure who built a wall to defend against the nations of Gog and Magog. [140], After three days, unable to persuade his men to back down, Alexander gave Persians command posts in the army and conferred Macedonian military titles upon Persian units. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture led to the overwhelming dominance of Hellenistic civilization and influence as far east as the Indian subcontinent. WebLeading promotional products manufacturer since 1943. Movies. [89] During his stay a fire broke out in the eastern palace of Xerxes I and spread to the rest of the city. [62] Alexander had no obvious or legitimate heir, his son Alexander IV by Roxane being born after Alexander's death. Communications. His son and successor, Caracalla, a great admirer, visited the tomb during his own reign. Alexander proceeded to take possession of Syria, and most of the coast of the Levant. [311] In the Shahnameh, Alexander's first journey is to Mecca to pray at the Kaaba. Diodorus, Plutarch, Arrian and Justin all mentioned the theory that Alexander was poisoned. Alexander was born in 356 B.C.E. This is the most popular grill steak in the country. But this mania for Alexander, strange as it was, was overshadowed by subsequent events in Alexandria. He then continued south towards the Peloponnese. This is cited as a reason for sparing Jerusalem. WebFind your Area of Focus. [42] Olympias and several of Alexander's friends suggested this showed Philip intended to make Arrhidaeus his heir. Alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a Greek invasion of Arabia. [17] Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes; Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Nearchus; Aristobulus, a junior officer on the campaigns; and Onesicritus, Alexander's chief helmsman. How Rome Fell: death of a superpower. The song 'Alexander the Great' by the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden is indicative. As a young boy, Alexander was taught to read, write, and play the lyre. [73][74] The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into slavery. Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals. [106] This was one aspect of Alexander's broad strategy aimed at securing the aid and support of the Iranian upper classes. [266][267], Suda wrote that Alexander built a big temple to Sarapis. Pompey the Great adopted the epithet "Magnus" and even Alexander's anastole-type haircut, and searched the conquered lands of the east for Alexander's 260-year-old cloak, which he then wore as a sign of greatness. Demades likened the Macedonian army, after the death of Alexander, to the blinded Cyclops, due to the many random and disorderly movements that it made. He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara (a region presently straddling eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan), to come to him and submit to his authority. [214], Both of Alexander's parents encouraged his ambitions. These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka and Hellenistic Asia and Europe (Greco-Buddhist monasticism). [34], After the victory at Chaeronea, Philip and Alexander marched unopposed into the Peloponnese, welcomed by all cities; however, when they reached Sparta, they were refused, but did not resort to war. FIRE DEPT. [239][240] He apparently had two sons, Alexander IV of Macedon by Roxana and, possibly, Heracles of Macedon from his mistress Barsine. City of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. top of page. Alexander also ordered the murder of Attalus,[50] who was in command of the advance guard of the army in Asia Minor and Cleopatra's uncle. [222] This was no doubt in part due to Aristotle's tutelage; Alexander was intelligent and quick to learn. He reportedly read this passage to his patron King Lysimachus, who had been one of Alexander's generals and who quipped, "I wonder where I was at the time. Their works are lost, but later works based on these original sources have survived. ABOUT US; CONTACT US; CITY BOARDS; NEWS & EVENTS. [317] In medieval Europe, Alexander the Great was revered as a member of the Nine Worthies, a group of heroes whose lives were believed to encapsulate all the ideal qualities of chivalry. [293], Caracalla's mania for Alexander went so far that Caracalla visited Alexandria while preparing for his Persian invasion and persecuted philosophers of the Aristotelian school based on a legend that Aristotle had poisoned Alexander. He is known as 'the great' both for his [128] The other was Nicaea (Victory), thought to be located at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab. More. NVIDIA products provide our clients with more than just the performance they demand - NVIDIA goes above and beyond with an entire ecosystem of software, drivers, and features such as DLSS, Reflex, NVIDIA Broadcast, and more. This system is the primary tool for students, and is used for many of the Colleges administrative functions and services, including: Admissions apply to AC, check your application status. [33], As Philip marched south, his opponents blocked him near Chaeronea, Boeotia. According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. WebAlexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. [23][24][25] Among them were Artabazos II and his daughter Barsine, possible future mistress of Alexander, who resided at the Macedonian court from 352 to 342 BC, as well as Amminapes, future satrap of Alexander, or a Persian nobleman named Sisines. [162], Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket. [196] At the decisive encounter with Darius at Gaugamela, Darius equipped his chariots with scythes on the wheels to break up the phalanx and equipped his cavalry with pikes. [20], Mieza was like a boarding school for Alexander and the children of Macedonian nobles, such as Ptolemy, Hephaistion, and Cassander. [e] As Pausanias tried to escape, he tripped over a vine and was killed by his pursuers, including two of Alexander's companions, Perdiccas and Leonnatus. on the country in which you live. Leycester Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, p 220. [286], Emperor Julian in his satire called "The Caesars", describes a contest between the previous Roman emperors, with Alexander the Great called in as an extra contestant, in the presence of the assembled gods. With his death marking the start of the Hellenistic period, Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism that his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism and Hellenistic Judaism. [181] However, the power vacuum he left in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent directly gave rise to one of the most powerful Indian dynasties in history, the Maurya Empire. [316] In medieval India, Turkic and Afghan sovereigns from the Iranian-cultured region of Central Asia brought positive cultural connotations of Alexander to the Indian subcontinent, resulting in the efflorescence of Sikandernameh (Alexander Romances) written by Indo-Persian poets such as Amir Khusrow and the prominence of Alexander the Great as a popular subject in Mughal-era Persian miniatures. [208][209][210] In The Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian is quoted as saying, "he had one eye dark as the night, and one blue as the sky". [102] Against Bessus (Artaxerxes V) however, Briant adds, Alexander reasserted "his claim to legitimacy as the avenger of Darius III". [308], In pre-Islamic Middle Persian (Zoroastrian) literature, Alexander is referred to by the epithet gujastak, meaning "accursed", and is accused of destroying temples and burning the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. Julius Caesar went to serve his quaestorship in Hispania after his wife's funeral, in the spring or early summer of 69 BC. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. [107] Following Alexander's death, many Greeks who had settled there tried to return to Greece. [228][229], He appears to have believed himself a deity, or at least sought to deify himself. Web281 James D. Nabors Drive, Alexander City, AL 35010 (256) 329-6700 [224] He had great charisma and force of personality, characteristics which made him a great leader. WebAlexander PCs is proud to be an official NVIDIA partner. ", PUF, 2011. p. xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J, Woronoff & I. Spence, Ashrafian H. "The Death of Alexander the Greata Spinal Twist of Fate. [162] Another recent analysis suggested pyogenic (infectious) spondylitis or meningitis. First published Mon Oct 13, 2003; substantive revision Thu Jan 19, 2017. When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. [116] Alexander minted gold staters, silver tetradrachms and drachims, and various fractional bronze coins. [96] The Persian king no longer controlled his own destiny, and was taken prisoner by Bessus, his Bactrian satrap and kinsman. Alexander eventually agreed and turned south, marching along the Indus. Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Caligula 19. Buy Now. In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid Persian Empire and began a series of campaigns that lasted for 10 years. [101] However, as basic forms of community life and the general structure of government were maintained and resuscitated by Alexander under his own rule, he, in the words of the Iranologist Pierre Briant "may therefore be considered to have acted in many ways as the last of the Achaemenids. [66] Alexander left the government of Caria to a member of the Hecatomnid dynasty, Ada, who adopted Alexander. [131] This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. [292], In 39, Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by ordering a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighbouring port of Puteoli. Suspicion has fallen upon Alexander, Olympias and even the newly crowned Persian Emperor, Darius III. [50] Alexander's relationship with his father "forged" the competitive side of his personality; he had a need to outdo his father, illustrated by his reckless behavior in battle. City of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. top of page. [275] The process of Hellenization also spurred trade between the east and west. A 1998 article in the New England Journal of Medicine attributed his death to typhoid fever complicated by bowel perforation and ascending paralysis. The earliest of these is Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), followed by Quintus Curtius Rufus (mid-to-late 1st century AD), Arrian (1st to 2nd century AD), the biographer Plutarch (1st to 2nd century AD), and finally Justin, whose work dated as late as the 4th century. Nicknames for Alexander include Alex, Xander, and Sasha. [310], According to Josephus, Alexander was shown the Book of Daniel when he entered Jerusalem, which described a mighty Greek king who would conquer the Persian Empire. [288][289], Pompey posed as the "new Alexander" since he was his boyhood hero. In the aftermath of Massaga and Ora, numerous Assakenians fled to the fortress of Aornos. Alexander moved back and forth between Detroit's active roster and practice squad over the first half of the season. [102] However, Alexander's eventual decision to burn the Achaemenid palace at Persepolis in conjunction with the major rejection and opposition of the "entire Persian people" made it impracticable for him to pose himself as Darius' legitimate successor. [194] Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3km (1.86mi). First published Mon Oct 13, 2003; substantive revision Thu Jan 19, 2017. Origin: The name Alexander is the Latin form of the Greek name Alexandros. More. [181], During his final years, and especially after the death of Hephaestion, Alexander began to exhibit signs of megalomania and paranoia. [47][49][52], News of Philip's death roused many states into revolt, including Thebes, Athens, Thessaly, and the Thracian tribes north of Macedon. Myelin is the fatty covering that insulates nerve fibers and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses. [69] According to the story, Alexander proclaimed that it did not matter how the knot was undone and hacked it apart with his sword. There have been, since the time, many suspicions that Pausanias was actually hired to murder Philip. [102] The latter were in many cases additionally connected through marriage alliances with the royal Achaemenid family. 74. Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious Olympias promulgated the story of Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Alexander, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious. There are many alternate spellings of Alexander depending. "[55] At Corinth, Alexander took the title of Hegemon ("leader") and, like Philip, was appointed commander for the coming war against Persia. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. With these victories, he secured his northern frontier. [220] He had great self-restraint in "pleasures of the body", in contrast with his lack of self-control with alcohol. [205][206][207], Many scholars and historians attribute heterochromia to him. KINGS of MACEDON. Conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Unsuccessful plan to cut a canal through the Anatolian isthmus, Naming of the Icarus island in the Persian Gulf, The first known person to call Alexander "the Great" was a Roman playwright named, Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), A History of Macedonia: Volume III: 336167 B.C.
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